Regrettable but Inevitable: International Human Rights law and the Forced Displacement of Indigenous Peoples as a result of Development Projects.

Masters thesis examining the rights of indigenous peoples over the rights of resources.

Table of Contents

Table of Cases. 3

Table of Statutes. 4

Abbreviations. 5

Abstract 6

Chapter 1 – Introduction. 6

1.1 Contextual Background. 6

1.2 Research Aims and Objectives. 8

1.3 Thematic and Legal Focus. 9

1.4 Research Questions and Central Argument 10

1.5 Methodology. 10

1.6 Scope and limitations. 11

1.7 Thesis Structure. 12

Chapter 2 – Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights: Historical and Contemporary Context 13

2.1 Historical Background and Definitional Issues the term Indigenous. 13

2.2 Indigenous Peoples and Post-Colonial Development 16

2.3 Legal Definitions and Key Characteristics Common to Global Indigenous Cultures. 18

2.3.1 Dispossession and Displacement in the Context of Indigenous Peoples, Particularly the Displacement of Indigenous Nomadic Peoples (INPs). 20

CHAPTER 3 – The “Development Imperative” versus Indigenous Collective Rights?. 24

3.1 Indigenous Rights versus Economic Growth?. 24

3.1.1 What is meant by the “Development Imperative”?. 24

3.2 Indigenous Rights as Collective Rights. 26

3.3 Development as “Aggression” and the Right not to be Forcibly Displaced. 28

3.4 Resource Development as “Development Aggression”. 32

Chapter 4 – The Right not to be Forcibly Displaced in International Law.. 35

4.1 Introduction. 35

4.2 General Sources in International Law.. 36

4.3 Human Rights Committee. 39

4.4 Current Binding Legal Framework: ILO 169. 42

Chapter 5 – The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 46

5.1 Introduction: Is the Right Not to be Forcibly Displaced an Emerging Norm?. 46

5.2 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 47

5.2.1 “Compelling and Overriding Public Interest”. 49

5.2.2 Proportionality and Necessity. 51

5.3 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 53

5.3.1 Lands, Territories and Resources. 56

Chapter 6 – Obligations of States to Adequately Protect the Right not to be Forcibly Displaced. 59

6.1 Introduction: Key Jurisprudence in the Fight against Forcible Displacement 59

6.2 Winterstein and others v France. 60

6.3 Yanomami Community v. Brazil 63

6.4 Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community of the Enxet-Lengua people v Paraguay. 64

6.5.1 The Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua. 67

Conclusion. 68

Bibliography. 70

Primary Sources. 70

Table of Conventions. 70

Other Primary Sources. 72

Human Rights Treaty Bodies. 73

Secondary Sources. 74

Journals. 74

Reports. 77

Internet 80

Books. 84